who would be more acceptible of drinkng relax wine

Transition into motherhood can be associated with reduced alcohol use, attributable to changing social norms and increasing responsibility. This is suggested by the finding that women with higher levels of education, so perhaps higher levels of awareness, are more likely to consume alcohol during pregnancy. However, although knowledge and attitude are key influencers of behaviour, awareness alone is not sufficient to change behaviour. These changes were, however, not introduced to the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines immediately and for the following three years, two guidelines with differing advice were in place. For example, guidance by the UK Chief Medical Officer was revised in 2016 advising pregnant women to abstain due to the lack of evidence for a safe drinking level. It has been suggested that continued alcohol consumption during pregnancy may be the result of a lack of awareness around the severity of risks and the specific details of the effects, in addition to conflicting advice from different sources, regarding whether any ‘safe’ drinking limits exist during pregnancy. The UK has one of the highest international rates of drinking during pregnancy (41.3–75%), which translates to one of the highest prevalence rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) (3.2% ) and other child-related developmental and behavioural problems. Importantly, women’s alcohol use is also associated with key secondary harms and alcohol is the most commonly used substance by women of childbearing age. Alcohol is also a risk factor for typically female diseases, such as breast cancer. This can contribute to the development of more severe problems at younger ages and lower drinking levels than men, including cirrhosis of the liver, heart disease, and neurotoxicity. Women also metabolise alcohol differently from men, reaching higher and longer lasting blood alcohol concentrations. For example, women with alcohol use disorders have a higher likelihood of suffering from comorbid common mental health disorders (including anxiety and depression), than men. This has implications for increased alcohol harm as women are more susceptible to the negative impact of alcohol both psychologically and physically. Within the UK, the decreasing gender gap in alcohol use is being driven by an increase in women’s drinking and, worldwide, nearly one third of diagnosed alcohol use disorders are among females. The maternal participants in this study were middle-class, therefore, research is needed to capture the views and experiences of women of all socioeconomic backgrounds. These should include the unique potential risks regarding maternal drinking, and the harm attributable to non-clinically dependent alcohol use. Clear, consistent advice and guidelines are needed to support women in reducing their alcohol use during pregnancy and motherhood. Additionally, drinking levels were discussed in extremes only (low/heavy) without considering ‘grey area’ drinking. Contradictions were found across quantitative and qualitative self-reports of consumption, reflecting potential underreporting of alcohol use. Strong motives were revealed for choosing and avoiding to drink, such as coping with the difficulties of motherhood and parental responsibilities, respectively. Heavy drinking was believed to pose serious harm during pregnancy and motherhood to the baby and mother, in addition to damaging relationships. All participants reported that low-level drinking during motherhood was acceptable. However, some pregnant women and mothers stated that there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate the harms of low-level drinking and that abstinence guidelines were patronising. Findings revealed that most participants believed avoiding alcohol during pregnancy is the safest option. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse narratives. Quantitative measures captured demographics, alcohol use, and screened for mental ill-health for pregnant women and mothers. A semi-structured focus group and interviews were conducted in the North West of England with pregnant women, mothers, and healthcare professionals. This qualitative study investigated the attitudes and experiences of pregnant/parenting women and healthcare professionals regarding maternal drinking. Alcohol use during motherhood is also a public health concern, linked with potential harms to the woman and child. Alcohol exposed pregnancies can have serious consequences to the fetus, and the UK has one of the highest rates of drinking during pregnancy. Alcohol is the most used substance by women of childbearing age.

Who would be more acceptible of drinkng relax wine